ga ada... kecuali emang ada ciri fisik yg keluar, misalnya tumbuhnya payudara pada pria.

Ada juga kelainan kromosom seperti perempuan mestinya XX jadi X atau XXX, sedangkan pria XY bisa jadi XXY, dan XYY. Kemungkinan besar juga memainkan peranan tertentu dalam sifat, terutama kelainan yang gak lethal.

lanjutan post sebelumnya...

Still, the argument that at least a good portion of our sexual orientation is biological is hard to deny.  Homosexuals often say that they have felt an attraction to the same sex as long as they can remember.  And studies by Martha McClintock and Gilbert Herdt show that both homosexuals and heterosexuals develop attractions to the same or opposite sex at around the age of ten, two or three years before they begin developing the clearer signs of puberty.  With heterosexuality our clear cultural norm, we should not see any same-sex attraction if it were only a learned behavior!  Instead, we see somewhere between 3 and 10% of the population considering themselves homosexual.  (The figures are so ambivalent, no doubt because of that cultural norm!)

The relationship between an instinct and upbringing is a matter of imprinting:  The precise nature of a complex stimulus is usually not directly supplied in the genetic programming of the brain.  It is more efficient to program the brain to attach an instinctual response to a stimulus while experiencing that stimulus. So goslings follow the first large moving object they see, to use the classic example.  There is also a critical period involved during which this imprinting occurs.  For geese, this is a matter of a couple of days.

Freud’s theorizing about sexual orientation is basically the same as this.  During a critical period -- which he felt was between the ages of three and six -- sexual orientation is fixed by a complex process of family relations he called the Oedipal crisis.  A young boy begins by being attached to his mother.  As he gets older, he acknowledges his father’s priority in relation to mom, and substitutes girls and later women for mom as his primary sexual interest, and begins to identify with his father, from whom he learns what it means to be male.  A similar process, with complications, occurs in young girls.  Freud’s explanation is muddied by his use of the bizarre concepts of castration anxiety (the supposed fear boys have of losing their penis) and penis envy (the supposed desire girls have for growing one).

Like most psychologists, I don’t agree with too much of Freud’s theory.  But there is some sense in it:  I suggest that, by the age of 3 or 4, social learning has already informed the child of their gender, and has (for most) strongly reinforced identifying with the same sex parent.  The relation between mom and dad becomes the model for the child, and later sexual fantasy centers around the gender of the opposite sex parent.  This may be reinforced by the opposite sex parent playing the part of "role reactor," that is, by engaging in non-sexual flirtation with the child ("daddy’s girl" and "momma’s little man," and the like).

Freud once said that infants are "polymorphously perverse," by which he meant that they enjoy sensual pleasure in any form, from any source.  I agree with him on this.  It takes the imprinting process to focus our sensual, and later sexual, enjoyments on one gender or the other.  If that imprinting process is disturbed in some fashion from the culturally traditional one we just talked about, we may find the child tending towards sexual orientations other than the purely heterosexual.  This could happen in many ways:

        * The child may be encouraged to identify with the opposite sex by a parent or parents who act as if he or she in fact were the opposite sex, such as by dressing the child accordingly.
        * The child may more subtly be swayed by the overvaluing of the opposite sex by one or both of the parents.
        * There may not be one or another of the parents to identify with and learn the heterosexual roles, or a parent who can play role-reactor.
        * One or the other of the parents may themselves not demonstrate the usual heterosexual cultural stereotype, such as with feminine fathers and masculine mothers.
        * The parent of the opposite sex may be a far more powerful model than the one of the same sex, such as when a girl identifies with a charismatic father, or a boy with a charismatic mother.
        * A boy in a large family of girls, or a girl in a large family of boys may find themselves overwhelmed by role models of the opposite sex.

(Note that, while I use words like parents and mom and dad, the same roles in the family dynamic may be taken up by other relatives and close non-relatives.)

If we take both the genetic-hormonal explanation and the family-learning explanation into account, we may have the beginnings of an understanding of homosexuality (and heterosexuality):  A boy or girl who leans towards homosexuality biologically, and who has a family situation that encourages that leaning, is more likely to grow up gay or lesbian or bisexual.  One who has neither the biological tendency nor the family situation is more likely to grow up straight.

There is one thing I can say about homosexuality with great confidence: Being homosexual in no way makes you less of a human being, less worthy of respect, less deserving of dignity. Homosexuals have contributed enormously to humanity, from the great artists Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo to present day entertainers like Lily Tomlin, Elton John, Freddy Mercury, and Ellen Degeneres, and a million more in between! Those who looked down on gays and lesbians are only revealing their own ignorance.

© Copyright 2002, C. George Boeree
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/sexualorientation.html

wew..
itu ga mungkin seimbang..
klo cowo testoteron yang lebi bnyak...
klo cewe estrogennya & progesteron nya yg banyak...

Sindroma XXX

Sindroma XXX (Sindroma Tripel X, Trisomi X, 47,XXX) terjadi jika seorang anak perempuan memiliki 3 kromosom X. Manusia memiliki 46 kromosom, 2 diantaranya adalah kromosom seks yang menunjukkan jenis kelaminnya. Dalam keadaan normal, wanita memiliki 2 kromosom X (digambarkan sebagai 46,XX), sedangkan pria memiliki 1 kromosom X dan 1 kromosom Y (digambarkan sebagai 46,XY). Pada sindroma XXX, di setiap sel-sel tubuh wanita terdapat 3 kromosom X (digambarkan sebagai 47,XXX).

Sekitar 1 diantara 1.000 bayi perempuan yang tampaknya normal, memiliki kelainan ini. Gejalanya sangat bervariasi. Beberapa penderita tidak menunjukkan gejala atau gejalanya sangat sedikit, sedangkan penderita lainnya memiliki gambaran yang lebih berat. Bayi seringkali tenang dan tidak aktif, Mereka mengalami perkembangan fungsi motorik, berbicara dan pematangan yang tertunda. Penundaan perkembangan ini sebaiknya diatasi dengan memberikan rangsangan fungsi mental, sosial dan motoriknya, baik di rumah maupun di klinik khusus. Jika terjadi gangguan perkembangan berbicara, perlu dilakukan terapi bicara.

Anak perempuan dengan 3 kromosom X cenderung memiliki tingkat kecerdasan yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan saudara laki-laki dan saudara perempuannya yang normal . Kadang sindroma ini menyebabkan kemandulan, meskipun beberapa penderita bisa melahirkan anak yang memiliki kromosom dan fisik yang normal. Beberapa penderita mengalami menopause dini.

Sindroma XYY

Pada sindroma XYY, seorang bayi laki-laki terlahir dengan kelebihan kromosom Y. Pria biasanya hanya memiliki 1 kromosom X dan 1 kromosom Y, digambarkan sebagai 46,XY. Pria dengan sindroma XYY memiliki 2 kromosom Y dan digambarkan sebagai 47,XYY. Kelainan ini ditemukan pada 1 diantara 1.000 pria.

PENYEBAB

Penyebab dari penyimpangan kromosom yang menyebabkan terbentuknya sindroma XYY tidak diketahui gejala pada saat lahir, bayi biasanya tampak normal, lahir dengan berat dan panjang badan yang normal, tanpa kelainan fisik dan organ seksualnya normal. Pada awal masa kanak-kanak, penderita memiliki kecepatan pertumbuhan yang pesat, rata-rata mereka memiliki tinggi badan 7 cm diatas normal. Postur tubuhnya normal, tetapi berat badannya relatif lebih rendah jika dibandingkan terhadap tinggi badannya.

Pada masa kanak-kanak, mereka lebih aktif dan cenderung mengalami penundaan kematangan mental, meskipun fisiknya berkembang secara normal dan tingkat kecerdasannya berada dalam kisaran normal. Di sekolah, mereka cenderung mengalami masalah belajar. Aktivitas yang tinggi dan gangguan belajar akan menimbulkan masalah di sekolah sehingga perlu diberikan pendidikan ekstra.

Perkembangan seksual fisiknya normal, dimana organ seksual dan ciri seksual sekundernya berkembang secara normal. Pubertas terjadi pada waktunya. Pria XYY tidak mandul, mereka memilki testis yang berukuran normal serta memiliki potensi dan gairah seksual yang normal.

DIAGNOSA

Diagnosis ditegakkan berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan analisa kromosom.

PENGOBATAN

Anak laki-laki dengan sindroma XYY seirngkali secara fisik lebih aktif daripada saudara kandungnya dan jika aktivitas ini ditanggapi dan disalurkan dengan baik, biasanya tidak akan menimbulkan masalah. Mereka cenderung mengalami keterlambatan dalam kematangan emosi dan cenderung mengalami kesulitan belajar di sekolah sehingga perlu dirangsang secara dini dan adekuat. Pria XYY memiliki keadaan hormon seks yang normal dan tidak perlu menjalani terapi hormonal.

Anak laki-laki XYY yang tumbuh di dalam lingkungan yang baik, dengan cinta, dukungan dan rangsangan yang mereka perlukan, tidak akan mengalami kelainan jiwa. Pria XYY yang tumbuh dalam lingkungan yang jelek, tanpa cinta, rangsangan dan dukungan, memiliki resiko mengalami kelainan jiwa dan gangguan dalam bersosialisasi; tetapi mereka tidak memiliki resiko menderita skizofrenia, kelainan manik-depresif maupun kelainan jiwa yang serius lainnya. Mereka bisa dibantu melalui penyuluhan dan pengobatan psikolog-psikiatri.

panjang banget mpe puyeng gw ni..ahahahah